磨床使用鑄鐵平板工作臺時導致運動不均勻的原因是哪些？
2017年09月11日
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在現代機械制造工業企業的生產中，由于產品品種的增加，質量的提高，作為jingmi加工工藝裝備的磨床所占比重也較大。因而，磨削設備的正常運行，對保證完成生產任務有著其重要的作用，液壓傳動磨床鑄鐵平板/鑄鐵平臺工作臺運動( 別是在低速運轉時)不均勻現象產生的原因如下。
(1)當液壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)設備停止工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)一段時(shi)間(jian)后(hou)，油(you)(you)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)系統中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)油(you)(you)液依靠(kao)自重返(fan)回油(you)(you)箱。同(tong)時(shi)，因(yin)(yin)為系統密封裝(zhuang)置有間(jian)隙，空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣即由此(ci)進入系統。當鑄鐵(tie)(tie)平(ping)(ping)(ping)板(ban)(ban)(ban)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)臺(tai)(tai)再次啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)，需要克(ke)服(fu)鑄鐵(tie)(tie)平(ping)(ping)(ping)板(ban)(ban)(ban)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)臺(tai)(tai)與導軌之間(jian)較(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)靜(jing)摩(mo)(mo)擦(ca)(ca)(ca)阻(zu)力(li)(靜(jing)摩(mo)(mo)擦(ca)(ca)(ca)阻(zu)力(li)比動(dong)(dong)(dong)摩(mo)(mo)擦(ca)(ca)(ca)阻(zu)力(li)大得多(duo)，有時(shi)可能(neng)大一倍)。因(yin)(yin)而，液壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)系統油(you)(you)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)達(da)到能(neng)克(ke)服(fu)鑄鐵(tie)(tie)平(ping)(ping)(ping)板(ban)(ban)(ban)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)臺(tai)(tai)阻(zu)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)，鑄鐵(tie)(tie)平(ping)(ping)(ping)板(ban)(ban)(ban)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)臺(tai)(tai)才能(neng)移(yi)(yi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)，但因(yin)(yin)進油(you)(you)腔中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣在鑄鐵(tie)(tie)平(ping)(ping)(ping)板(ban)(ban)(ban)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)臺(tai)(tai)移(yi)(yi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)被(bei)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)縮，鑄鐵(tie)(tie)平(ping)(ping)(ping)板(ban)(ban)(ban)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)臺(tai)(tai)開始移(yi)(yi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)后(hou)由于油(you)(you)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)減(jian)低(di)(di)又突然(ran)(ran)膨脹(油(you)(you)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)降低(di)(di)是(shi)因(yin)(yin)凈摩(mo)(mo)擦(ca)(ca)(ca)變為動(dong)(dong)(dong)摩(mo)(mo)擦(ca)(ca)(ca))而使鑄鐵(tie)(tie)平(ping)(ping)(ping)板(ban)(ban)(ban)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)臺(tai)(tai)產生(sheng)沖擊運動(dong)(dong)(dong)，此(ci)時(shi)，排油(you)(you)箱內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣被(bei)突然(ran)(ran)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)縮，使反阻(zu)力(li)加大，在兩(liang)邊壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)平(ping)(ping)(ping)衡(heng)時(shi)鑄鐵(tie)(tie)平(ping)(ping)(ping)板(ban)(ban)(ban)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)臺(tai)(tai)—突然(ran)(ran)停頓。當壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)油(you)(you)腔內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)油(you)(you)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)再恢復到能(neng)夠(gou)克(ke)服(fu)靜(jing)摩(mo)(mo)擦(ca)(ca)(ca)阻(zu)力(li)時(shi)，鑄鐵(tie)(tie)平(ping)(ping)(ping)板(ban)(ban)(ban)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)臺(tai)(tai)作(zuo)如前所述(shu)的(de)(de)(de)循環過程，也 是(shi)—斷續地(di)直線運動(dong)(dong)(dong)，亦即一般說的(de)(de)(de)“爬行(xing)”。其周期循環。
(2)磨床導(dao)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)一般采(cai)用(yong)V形(xing)和(he)平(ping)(ping)面(mian)導(dao)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)結(jie)合(he)(he)的(de)形(xing)式(shi)，V形(xing)導(dao)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)保(bao)證(zheng)鑄鐵(tie)平(ping)(ping)板工(gong)(gong)作臺(tai)在(zai)水平(ping)(ping)平(ping)(ping)面(mian)內的(de)直線(xian)度(du)，平(ping)(ping)面(mian)導(dao)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)保(bao)證(zheng)其在(zai)垂直平(ping)(ping)面(mian)上的(de)直線(xian)度(du)，兩條導(dao)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)組合(he)(he)一起，要求相互平(ping)(ping)行度(du)很高(gao)，導(dao)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)扭曲(qu)度(du)也高(gao)。如(ru)導(dao)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)相互平(ping)(ping)行度(du)和(he)扭曲(qu)度(du)太大(da)或(huo)在(zai)各(ge)段變(bian)(bian)化較(jiao)大(da)，即使鑄鐵(tie)平(ping)(ping)板工(gong)(gong)作臺(tai)移動時所克服的(de)阻(zu)力(li)不(bu)斷變(bian)(bian)化，而工(gong)(gong)作油(you)箱中(zhong)的(de)油(you)壓(ya)不(bu)能適應其變(bian)(bian)化，故鑄鐵(tie)平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)工(gong)(gong)作臺(tai) 形(xing)成(cheng)時快時慢(man)的(de)不(bu)連續(xu)運動。
(3)如果(guo)液壓(ya)缸(gang)的(de)圓度(du)在全長上各處(chu)變(bian)化(hua)較(jiao)大(da)，則活(huo)塞與(yu)液壓(ya)缸(gang)之(zhi)間(jian)隙(xi)大(da)小不(bu)均，相(xiang)應的(de)摩擦力亦發生變(bian)化(hua)，而使鑄鐵平板鑄鐵平板工(gong)作臺運動速度(du)隨著變(bian)化(hua)。另外，活(huo)塞桿彎曲，在其移動時與(yu)密封(feng)圈的(de)摩擦力經(jing)常變(bian)化(hua)，也是(shi)產生爬(pa)行的(de)原因之(zhi)一。
(4)實際上磨床工作(zuo)時因(yin)為(wei)磨削面產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的阻力其微小，鉗(qian)工平(ping)板工作(zuo)臺(tai)運動是否(fou)輕便主要(yao)決定于導(dao)軌與鑄鐵(tie)平(ping)板工作(zuo)臺(tai)之間摩擦情況，一(yi)(yi)般要(yao)求兩滑動導(dao)軌而應生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)一(yi)(yi)層油膜，并保持其厚(hou)度(du)(du)在0.005~0.008mm為(wei)宜，不應太厚(hou)，否(fou)則，影(ying)響加工度(du)(du)。
磨床軌道潤(run)(run)滑(hua)油注油方(fang)式有兩(liang)種：一種是(shi)間隙注油，即(ji)鑄(zhu)鐵(tie)平板工(gong)作(zuo)臺(tai)往復一次壓(ya)入潤(run)(run)滑(hua)油一次另一種是(shi)連續注油，即(ji)當鑄(zhu)鐵(tie)平板工(gong)作(zuo)臺(tai)開動時，任何時候都有潤(run)(run)滑(hua)油壓(ya)入兩(liang)滑(hua)動面間。
后一種可(ke)保證充分(fen)潤(run)滑(hua)(hua)，采(cai)用較(jiao)為普遍。如果潤(run)滑(hua)(hua)不好，造成阻力不均(jun)勻(yun)，同樣也是產生爬行(xing)的原因之(zhi)一。
(5)通常在液壓(ya)(ya)泵進油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)口裝有過(guo)濾器(qi)，應(ying)保(bao)證油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)液有足(zu)夠的(de)通過(guo)量(liang)，網(wang)孔(kong)不能過(guo)小(xiao)(xiao)，如(ru)網(wang)孔(kong)太(tai)小(xiao)(xiao)， 易(yi)被雜質堵(du)塞。當液壓(ya)(ya)泵運轉(zhuan)時(shi)則(ze)在吸油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)管中(zhong)形(xing)成(cheng)真(zhen)空(kong)(kong)，而使部(bu)分油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)蒸發，形(xing)成(cheng)“油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)蒸氣(qi)(qi)”，亦(yi)可使溶(rong)解(jie)于油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)中(zhong)的(de)小(xiao)(xiao)部(bu)分空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)分離(li)出來，同時(shi)在液壓(ya)(ya)泵密封處吸入大量(liang)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)，當“油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)蒸氣(qi)(qi)”及(ji)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)進入液壓(ya)(ya)缸，即會發生爬行現(xian)象。同樣道理，進油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)口直徑過(guo)細，亦(yi)應(ying)保(bao)證液壓(ya)(ya)泵所需油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)量(liang)通過(guo)，吸油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)管口與(yu)過(guo)濾網(wang)底部(bu)保(bao)持相當距離(li)(一般在50mm左右)如(ru)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)管直徑小(xiao)(xiao)或管口與(yu)網(wang)底距離(li)太(tai)近，亦(yi)會在液壓(ya)(ya)泵中(zhong)造成(cheng)真(zhen)空(kong)(kong)現(xian)象。
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